Secondary Sources

• Allied internment camps in occupied Germany (on Google books)
  • Between 1945 and 1950, approximately 130,000 Germans were interned in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany, including in former Nazi concentration camps. One third of detainees died, prompting comparisons with Nazi terror. But what about the western zones, where the Americans, British, and French also detained hundreds of thousands of Germans without trial? This first in-depth study compares internment by all four occupying powers, asking who was interned, how they were treated, and when and why they were arrested and released. 
• Andrus, Burton C. 1969. I was the Nuremberg jailer. New York: Coward-McCann.
  • Col. Burton C. Andrus was the warden to the top-ranking Nazi defendants from their pre-trial days at Camp Ashcan in the summer of 1945 through their sentencing at the IMT in September 1946. His service as commandant of Nuremberg Court Prison concluded in the fall of 1946.
• Dodd, Christopher J, and Lary Bloom. 2007. Letters from Nuremberg : My Father’s Narrative of a Quest for Justice. 1st ed. New York: Crown Pub.
  • This work reproduces the set of personal letters written by Thomas Dodd, Executive Trial Counsel at the IMT, to his wife, Grace Dodd (née Murphy) over a 15-month period. The letters are a fascinating insight into the relationships among IMT staff as well as the strains of living in the postwar American occupation zone of Germany.
• Ferencz, Benjamin B. 1985. A Common Sense Guide to World Peace. London ; New York: Oceana.
• Ferencz, Benjamin B. 1975. Defining International Aggression, the Search for World Peace : A Documentary History and Analysis. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications.
• Ferencz, Benjamin B. 1983. Enforcing International Law : A Way to World Peace : A Documentary History and Analysis. London ; New York: Oceana Publications.
• Ferencz, Benjamin B. 1980. An International Criminal Court, a Step toward World Peace : A Documentary History and Analysis. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications.
• Ferencz, Benjamin B., Constantin Goschler, Marcus Böick, and Julia Reus. 2019. Kriegsverbrechen, Restitution, Prävention : Aus Dem Vorlass von Benjamin B. Ferencz. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
• Ferencz, Benjamin B. 1979. Less than Slaves : Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
• Ferencz, Benjamin B. 1994. New Legal Foundations for Global Survival : Security through the Security Council. [New York?]: Oceana Publications.
• Stuart, Heikelina Verrijn, Marlise Simons, Benjamin B. Ferencz, and Antonio Cassese. 2009. The Prosecutor and the Judge : Benjamin Ferencz and Antonio Cassese, Interviews and Writings. [Amsterdam]: Pallas Publications.
• Gaskin, Hilary. 1990. Eyewitnesses at Nuremberg. London : New York, NY: Arms and Armour ; Distributed in the USA by Sterling Pub. Co.
  • Includes interviews with and remembrances of Trial staff from the IMT through the NMT. Interlaced with anecdotes of Trial staff and observations of life in the ravaged city of Nuremberg.
• Gilbert, G. M. 1995. Nuremberg diary. New York: Da Capo Press.
  • Gilbert was the prison psychiatrist during the IMT. The diary is an account of Gilbert’s conversations with the defendants while they were internees in Nuremberg Court Prison.
• Taylor, Telford. 1992. The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials : A Personal Memoir. 1st ed. New York: Knopf.
  • This memoir is primarily focused on the background and activities of the IMT, and not on the breadth of Trials. It offers valuable insight into personnel strains, organizational challenges, and observations on life in the postwar American occupation zone of Germany. The author, Telford Taylor, provides limited autobiographical information.
• Taylor, Telford. 1970. Guilt, Responsibility and the Third Reich. Cambridge: Heffer.
• Taylor, Telford. 1970. Nuremberg and Vietnam: An American Tragedy. Chicago: Quadrangle Books; distributed by Random House.
• Tusa, Ann, Tusa, John, and Mazal Holocaust Collection. 1984. The Nuremberg Trial. 1st American ed. New York: Atheneum.

Cornell University Library Donovan Nuremberg Trials Collection

• Gen. William J. Donovan was involved in the early planning of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) while serving as director of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the organizational predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Gen. Donovan served as a special assistant to U.S. Chief of Counsel Justice Robert H. Jackson. Gen. Donovan resigned from his position in Nuremberg in the fall of 1945 and took up private law practice in New York. The Cornell University Library Donovan Nuremberg Trials Collection comprises a range of documents, some of them unique holdings.

Deutsche Biographie

• Certified information about more than 730,000 personalities from the German-speaking world from the early Middle Ages to the present, including 50,000 biographical articles (ADB and NDB) and links to over 230 other offerings (dictionaries, sources, literature, etc.).

Dienstaltersliste der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP 1936

• Listing of Nazi Party (NSDAP) members in 1936. The list is compiled in ascending order of membership number. Scans were compiled from microfilm at the U.S. National Archives.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library​

• Morgenthau Holocaust Project: The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library, Morgenthau Holocaust Project, provides links to documentation on the Holocaust, as well as a series of videos produced at the IMT containing original film footage used as evidence in the Trials.

Harvard Law School Library

• Belle Mayer Zeck Papers: The Belle Mayer Zeck Papers span 1933-2002. She served as an attorney on the I.G. Farben Trial (NMT 6).

• Drexel A. Sprecher Research Materials for Inside the Nuremburg Trial: A Prosecutor’s Comprehensive Account: These expansive materials, spanning 1945-2000, relate to Sprecher’s activities connected to the publication of his work, Inside the Nuremberg Trial. The materials include decades of correspondence between Sprecher and Telford Taylor.

• Ingeborg Kalnoky Collection of Nuremberg Guest House Papers: At the start of the IMT, the U.S. Army tasked Ingeborg Kalnoky with managing a billet for voluntary Trial witnesses. She oversaw the daily functions of the commandeered Nuremberg home at Novalisstrasse 24 from September 1945-January 1947. Among its inhabitants were Henrietta von Schirach, wife of IMT defendant Baldur von Schirach, and Heinrich Hoffman, Adolf Hitler’s official photographer.

• Leonard Wheeler, Jr. Papers: The Leonard Wheeler, Jr. Papers span 1945-1947. He was a graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School. He served as an IMT prosecutor and U.S. Army colonel.

Harvard University, Houghton Library

• José María Castañé Collection of Benjamin Kaplan’s Nuremberg War Crimes Papers: Contains papers from the IMT advisor Benjamin Kaplan, spanning his period of work in the Pentagon through his Nuremberg service (1941-1947).

Historical Society of the District of Columbia Circuit

• Charles A. Horsky Oral History Project: This oral history partly highlights Horsky’s service to the International Military Tribunal as an advisor to Justice Robert H. Jackson.

John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum

• The Drexel A. Sprecher Personal Papers related to Nuremberg Trials span 1945-1951. Drexel A. Sprecher served on the American prosecution team for the IMT and the NMT. At the IMT, he presented the cases against Baldur von Schirach and Hans Fritzsche. He held various high-level positions under Chief Counsel Brig. Gen. Telford Taylor during the NMT, including brief periods of service as the Acting Chief Counsel when the latter was away from Nuremberg and focused on related duties on-site at the Pentagon.

Memorium Nuremberg Trials

• The Memorium Nuremberg Trials is an information and documentation center which is located on the top floor of the Nuremberg Palace of Justice courthouse. It provides insights on the defendants and their crimes, the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials of 1946-49, and the impact of the Nuremberg Trials until today.

National WW2 Museum, Nuremberg Trials

• This site by the National WWII Museum in New Orleans, Louisiana, provides a concise and well-detailed overview of the Nuremberg Trials.

Northwestern University Nuremberg Trial Collection

• This collection consists of materials in English, French, and German gathered by Charles H. Gallagher (d. 1988), a court reporter at the Trials from October 1945-May 1948.

PBS: American Experience, the Nuremberg Trials

• This American Experience production draws upon rare archival material and eyewitness accounts to recreate the dramatic tribunal that defines trial procedure for state criminals to this day. Freely accessible to the public.

Prosecuting the Holocaust: British Investigations into Nazi Crimes, 1944-1949

• Drawn from The National Archives (UK) and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, this collection contains a wealth of information regarding the British government’s efforts to investigate and prosecute Nazi crimes during the period 1944-1949.

Robert H. Jackson Center

• Justice Robert H. Jackson was Chief U.S. Prosecutor of the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. Nuremberg Trials-related content includes audio and video recordings.

Syracuse University Special Collections Research Center

• Francis Biddle Collection of International Military Tribunal Nuremberg Trial Documents and Related Material.

Taube Archive of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg, 1945‑46

• The Stanford University Taube Archive of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg, 1945-46 archival collection provides access to a digital version of Nuremberg IMT courtroom proceedings and documentation, including evidentiary films, full audio recordings of the proceedings, and approximately 250,000 pages of digitized paper documents. These documents include transcripts of the hearings in English, French, German and Russian; written pleadings; evidence exhibits filed by the prosecution and the defense; documents of the Committee for the Investigation and Prosecution of Major War Criminals; the judgment. All 9,920 collection items are searchable and viewable in digital form.

Towson University Special Collections and Archives

• Paul H. Gannt Nuremberg Trial Papers: Austrian-born Paul H. Gantt (b. 1907) was an attorney and a member of the U.S. Prosecution team during the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, serving from 1946-1949. He was involved in a number of special projects in the OCCWC.

Truman Library: War crimes trials at Nuremberg

• This is a collection of Nuremberg Trials-related documents covering the years 1943 through 1952. Supporting materials include photographs, oral history transcripts, and a chronology of events spanning the years from 1941 through 1948.

U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

• Glossary of terms and abbreviations found in the Archive of the International Tracing Service.

• Emanuel E. and Dorothea G. Minskoff Papers: Nuremberg-related content includes writings about the Trials, newspaper clippings and documents from the Nuremberg Trials staff reunion, 1978-1980 (excellent source for biographical data of Trial staff).

University of Connecticut Dodd Center for Human Rights

• First established in 1995 as the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center to honor Senator Thomas J. Dodd who sought justice in the wake of the unspeakable tragedies of the Holocaust, the building holds and archives his personal papers from his role as a prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials:
• Thomas J. Dodd Collection.
• Thomas J. Dodd Papers.